• the Mughal emperors had employed individual troopers, namely ‘Ahadis.’

• In addition to the Ahadis, the emperors had also maintained a crop of royal bodyguards known as ‘Walashahis’.

• There were a large number of footmen (piyadgan) incorporated into the Mughal Army. 

• The cavalry was the principal arm or the Mughal army and the Mansabdars provided the overwhelming proportion of it. In addition to the Mansabdars, the Mughal emperors used to entertain individual troopers, called ahadis. The ahadis have been called gentlemen-troopers and received much higher salaries than other troopers. They were a highly trusted corps, being recruited directly by the emperors and having their own muster-master. An ahadi mustered up to five horses, though sometimes two of them shared a horse. The duties of ahadis were of a miscellaneous character. Most clerks of the imperial offices, the painter of the court, and the foremen in the royal karkhana belonged to this corps.

• Statement 1 is Incorrect and 2 is Correct: Mughal Emperor Jahangir introduced a system whereby the selected nobles could be allowed to maintain a larger quota of troopers, without raising their Zat rank. The system was popular as ‘du-aspah’ (a trooper with two horses) or ‘sih-aspah’ (a trooper with three horses) system.

•  Mir-i-Atish--Head of the Ordinance Department.

• Mir-i-Barr--Imperial officer in charge of Forests.

• Mir-i-Bahr-- Official supervised state boats and fleets.

• Mir-i-mal--Officer in charge of Privy Purse

• Mir-Saman--Official in charge of the imperial household including the supply of all the provisions and articles for the use of the inmates of the harem.

• Abul Fazal was the author of Akbarnama, the official history of Akbar’s reign in 3 volumes. This book gives the history of Akbar’s forefathers from Timur to Humayun and Akbar’s reign till 1602. The real name of Abu’l-Fazl was Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak. This gentle and enthusiastic younger brother of Faizi later became a Vazir of Akbar. Abul Fazal was a man of wide culture and pure spiritual ideals. He was also one of the Navratnas in the court of Akbar.

• In addition to the zamindars, there was a large class of religious divines and learned men who in return for their services were granted tracts of land for their maintenance. Such grants were called milk of madad-i-maash in Mughal terminology, and shasan in Rajasthan. Although these grants were to be renewed by every ruler, they often became hereditary in practice. Many of the grantees held official positions such as that of the qazi, etc. Hence, they had both a rural and an urban base. Writers, historians, hakims, etc., were also often drawn from this section.

• Shah Jahan launched a continued war in the northwest frontier to recover Kandahar and other ancestral lands. However, the campaign to seize Balkh from the Uzbeks was unsuccessful and Qandahar was lost to the Safavids.

• The third system after zabti and Galla-Bakshi which was widely used in Akbar's time was nasaq. In this system, a rough calculation was made on the basis of the past revenue receipts of the peasants. It required no actual measurement, but the area was ascertained from the records.

• The foreign policy of the Mughals was guided by the following objectives and principles:

1. To safeguard the North-Western boundary of the Mughal from foreign invasion.

2. To maintain the balance of power among the Uzbeks, the Safaids and the Turks (Ottoman empire).

3. To increase trade and commerce with countries in Central Asia.

4. To conquer their ancestral land in Central Asia—homeland from where Babur had been turned out.

5. To check the power of the Afghan tribes that lived in the mountain region between Punjab and Kabul.

Humayun ascended the throne in 1530 and in 1533 founded a new city, Din Panah, on the bank of the Yamuna River.

 Statement 1 is correct. During the Mughal period, the growing prosperity of the ruling classes did not filter down to peasants and workers. 

Statement 2 is incorrect. The Mughals played a positive role in stabilizing India's relations with neighbouring Asian powers such as Iran, the Uzbeks, and the Ottoman Turks, thereby opening up greater avenues for India's foreign trade. Trade concessions given to various European trading companies were also aimed at promoting India's foreign trade. 

Statement 3 is incorrect. The Mughal ruling class remained oblivious of the growth of science and technology in the west. The problem of succession to the throne created instability, thus posing a threat to the political system as well as to the economic and cultural development. 

Source)

Chapter 15; page number 233

Muzarian (raiyatis) were those who belonged to the same village but who did not have either land or implements and hence were dependent on the Khud-kasht for their supply. They were divided into two groups; tenants-at-will and those who had hereditary tenant rights, called as paltis in Rajasthan.

Source) 

Chapter 16; page number 251

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Mughal state provided incentives and loans(taccavi) to the peasants for expansion and improvement of cultivation. /but, the expansion and growth would hardly have been possible without local efforts, incentives and investment. 

Statement 2 is correct. During the medieval period, no new agricultural techniques were introduced. Indian agriculture was on balance, efficient and played a definite role in the growth of the manufacturing sector and trade during the period. 

Statement 3 is correct. In medieval times, a peasant was not disposed from his land as long as he paid the land revenue. He could also sell his land if he could find a buyer and the rest of the community raised no objections. His children inherited his land as a matter of right after his death. 

Source) chapter 16; page number 252

During the Mughal period, especially the teachers, religious divines etc., were granted small tracts of lands for maintenance. Such grants were called madaddimaash. 

Source)

Chapter 16; page number 258

 Statement 1 is correct. A Hundi is a financial instrument that developed in Medieval India for the use in trade and credit transactions. They were used as a form of remittance instrument to transfer money from place to place, as a credit instrument.

Statement 2 is correct. The hundis often included insurance for the movement of goods which was charged on different rates on the basis of the value of goods, destination and means of transport, etc.

Statement 3 is incorrect. By the means of hundi, the money circulation could be reduced as merchant were able to encash it at destination. It created credit which supplemented money and financed commerce, particularly long-distance and international trade. Since carrying money was always a risky enterprise.

Source) 

Chapter 16; page number 259

NCERT- Our Pasts II, Class VII, Chap: Towns, Traders and Craftspersons.  

The sarrafs (shroffs) were specialized in changing money. They were also specialized in dealing with hundis. 

Source) 

Chapter 16; page number 259

During the medieval period, trade was flourishing and many new towns came up to encourage trade. Some communities like the Banias, Marwaris and Multanis made trade their special vocation. The banjaras traded in caravans and were continuously on the move carrying goods from one place to another.

Source)

Source) Chapter 16; page number 258

During the medieval period, the movement of goods was made possible by a complex network linking wholesalers with merchants down to the regional and local levels through agents (gumashtas) and commission agents (dalals).

The Chettis was a trading community.  They were known as Seths in North India and the Chettis and Chettiyars in South India.

Source) 

Chapter 16; page numnber 259

Statement 1 is incorrect. Rahdari was a road cess collected by local Rajas. It was declared illegal by the Mughals. 

Statement 2 is correct. Trade and commerce expanded in India during the 17th century due to a number of factors. An important factor was the political integration of the country under the Mughal rule and establishment of conditions of law and order over extensive areas. The mughals paid attention to roads and sarais which made communication easier. A uniform tax was levied on goods at the point of their entry into the empire. 

Source) 

Chapter 16; page number 260

All the statements are correct. 

Strategically, Qandhar was vital for the defense of Kabul. The fort of Qandhar was considered to be one of the strongest forts in the rgion and was well provided with water.  It was situated at the junction of roads leading to Kabul and Herat, Qandhar dominated the whole southern Afghanistan, and occupied a position of immense strategic importance. 

After the conquest of Sindh and Baluchistan by Akbar, the strategic and economic importance of Qandhar for the Mughals increased. 

Qandhar was a rich and fertile province and was the hub of the movement of men and goods between India and Central India. 

Source) 

Chapter 16; page number

Aurangzeb was not interested in philosophical debates or in mysticism; however, he did not prohibit his sons from experimenting in Sufism.

While taking his stand on the Hanafi school of Muslim law, which had been traditionally followed in India, Aurangzeb did not hesitate in issuing secular decrees, called ‘zawabit.’

A collection of his decrees had been named as Zawabit-i-Alamgiri.

Muhtasibs were responsible for ensuring that the things which were forbidden (such as intoxicants and gambling dens, etc) by the shara and the zawabits (secular decrees) were, as far as possible, not disobeyed openly.

Source) NCERT- Themes in Indian History, Class: XII, Chap: Kings and Chronicles

All were contemporary of Akbar.

Source)

Chapter 16; page number 253