Quaternary activities involve some of the following:

The collection, production, and dissemination of information or even the production of information. Quaternary activities centre on research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving specialized knowledge and technical skills. Trade, transport and communication are considered under the tertiary sector. Hence, the correct answer is (c).

The Quaternary Sector along with the Tertiary Sector has replaced most of the primary and secondary employment as the basis for economic growth. Some examples of products and services are artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, internet of things, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, nanotechnology, and quantum computing.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 7; page number 61

Gathering is practiced in regions with harsh climatic conditions. It often involves primitive societies, who extract, both plants and animals to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and clothing. This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment and operates at very low level of technology. The yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced.

Gathering is practiced in:

1. high latitude zones which include northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile;
2. Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of Southeast Asia.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 5; page number 32

In mountain regions, such as Himalayas, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate from plains to the mountains in summers and to the plains from the high altitude pastures in winters. Bugyals are the summer glasslands in the higher reaches.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 5; Page number 33

The number of pastoral nomads has been decreasing and the areas operated by them shrinking. This is due to (a) imposition of political boundaries; (b) new settlement plans by different countries. Hence, the correct answer is (D).

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 5; Page number 33

Statement 1 is incorrect. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture is largely found in densely populated regions of monsoon Asia.

Statement 2 is incorrect. There are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture.

1. Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation:

• This type of agriculture is characterized by dominance of the rice crop. Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population.
• Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land. Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour. Farm yard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil. In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is low.

2. Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy:

• Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and some of the other geographical factors, it is not practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia. Wheat, soyabean, barley and sorghum are grown in northern China, Manchuria, North Korea and North Japan.
• In India wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry parts of western and southern India. Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are similar to those dominated by wet paddy except that irrigation is often used.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 5; Page number 36&37

The regions where farmers specialize in vegetables only, farming is known as truck farming. The distance of truck farms from the market is governed by the distance that a truck can cover overnight, hence the name truck farming.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 5; page number 40

Footloose industries can be located in a wide variety of places. They are not dependent on any specific raw material, weight losing or otherwise.

They largely depend on parts which can be obtained anywhere. They produce in small quantities and also employ a small labour force. These are generally not polluting industries. The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; Chapter 6; Page number: 47

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footloose_industry

https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001/acref-9780199599868-e-634

Both the statements are incorrect.

• In co-operative farming, a group of farmers form a co-operative society by pooling in their resources voluntarily for more efficient and profitable farming. Individual farms remain intact and farming is a matter of cooperative initiative.
• Co-operative societies help farmers, to procure all important inputs of farming, sell the products at the most favourable terms and help in processing of quality products at cheaper rates.
• The basic principle behind collective farming is based on social ownership of the means of production and collective labour.
• Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union to improve upon the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production for self-sufficiency. The farmers used to pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour. However, they were allowed to retain very small plots to grow crops in order to meet their daily requirements.

Source) Fundamentals of Human Geography; chapter 5; Page number 41

• Option D is the Correct Answer:

The main factors influencing their exploitation are as follows:

1. Richness or Grade of Ore: The abundance or otherwise the absence of minerals determines in large measure their commercial exploitation. Ores vary in their metal content. Generally the higher-grade ores are more economic to work, not only because they yield a large amount of metal but also because their higher metal content makes them easier and cheaper to smelt. Minerals of high value such as gold, diamonds, copper, uranium, can often be mined at a very high cost because they are in great demand and fetch high prices.
2. Size of Deposit: The size of the deposit is important because mining requires a large amount of expensive equipment. It will not be worthwhile to provide such equipment to work a deposit which will run out in some months. Small- scale working is only profitable for precious minerals. Sometimes, small deposits may be worked out profitably where transport cost is low.
3. Method of Mining: The method of mining depends on the mode of occur­rence of the ores. Open-cast mining is the cheapest, while shaft mines are very expensive. The cost of mining also depends on the scale of operations. If the mining has been done at a large scale, the capital and running costs can be offset.
4. Accessibility: The accessibility of a region where the particular mineral deposit occurs is of great significance. The terrain and climate determine accessibility which helps or hinders the mining operations.
5. Transportation Facilities: For successful mining, transportation facilities are very essential. Not only for the mining but it is also necessary for mined ores to be transported at the sites of their use. Ores are relatively bulky and heavy. They are thus costly to transport and the shorter the distance to be covered the better. The deposits having a coastal location or located near industrial sites have an advantage over that far inland.
6. Stage of Industrial Development: The stage of industrialisation of a country is the general index of the exploitation of her mineral wealth. In fact, mineral exploitation is cumulative in the industrial cycle. The vast mineral resources of China, India and Brazil almost remained neglected until they marched on the path of industrial development.
7. Technology: Technological changes pertaining to mining methods, manufac­turing processes and the like may change once worthless deposits are converted into esteemed commercial ores. The technique of geological survey has now been changed. With the help of remote sensing techniques, one is able to estimate the reserves of mineral resources of a region. Other technological changes have changed the pattern of exploitation of mineral resources.
8. Other Factors: Among other factors (a) cheap labour supply, (b) competition from other sources, and (c) economic system and tariff policies are notable.

• Both Statement 1 and 2 is Correct: It includes the industries where finished products are made from natural materials produced in the primary sector. Industrial production, cotton fabric, sugar cane production etc. activities come under this sector. Hence its the part of a country's economy that manufactures goods, rather than producing raw materials. Since this sector is associated with different kinds of industries, it is also called an industrial sector. People engaged in secondary activities are called blue-collar workers.
• Examples of the manufacturing sector:
  • Small workshops producing pots, artisan production.
  • Mills producing textiles,
  • Factories producing steel, chemicals, plastic, car.
  • Food production such as brewing plants, and food processing.
  • Oil refinery.

• Option C is the Correct Answer: Coal production (weight: 10.33 per cent) declined by 20.5 per cent in September 2019 over September 2018. Crude Oil production (weight: 8.98 per cent) declined by 5.4 per cent in September 2019 over September 2018. Petroleum Refinery production (weight: 28.04 per cent) declined by 6.7 per cent in September 2019 over September 2018. Steel production (weight: 17.92 per cent) declined by 0.3 per cent in September 2019 over September 2018.

• Option B is the Correct Answer: Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the tropics, especially in Africa, south and central America and south-east Asia. The vegetation is usually cleared by fire and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil. Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture. The cultivated patches are very small and cultivation is done with very primitive tools such as sticks and hoes. Some time (3 to 5 years) the soil loses its fertility and the farmer shifts to other parts and clears. Another patch of the forest for cultivation. The farmer may return to the earlier patch after Some time. One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of jhum becomes less and less due to the loss of fertility in different parcels.

• Option D is the Correct Answer: